Abstract: Federalism has almost always been a counter-paradigm, a strategy against dominant ideas of empire, despotism, and majority rule. Indeed, these dominant ideas were themselves always tenuous in practice: ancient empires claimed universality, yet in practice prudently left in place local laws and customs. Federalism has always been a durable antidote to despotism. And in a diverse postmodern world, there may be considerable virtue to resisting the siren songs of sovereignty and republican unity. Our conceptual vocabulary and understandings should more aggressively reflect this theme of resistance.